PineTime
Frequently asked questions
Read these first!
- Frequently Asked Questions about the devkit
- Q&A about Rust and MyNewt for PineTime by Lup Yuen Lee
- Reprogramming the PineTime
- PineTime devkit wiring
Current default OS
The current default operating system on the PineTime is called InfiniTime, first devkits shipped with a proprietary custom firmware. The project was started by JF002 and is shipped with the latest edition of PineTime. You can use various companion apps with the OS, for example Gadgetbridge.
Specifications
Dimensions: 37.5 x 40 x 11mm
Weight: 38 grams
IP Rating: IP67 (waterproof to 1 meter)
Display:
- Size: 1.3 inches (33mm) diagonal
- Type: IPS capacitive touchscreen, RGB 65K colors
- Display Controller: ST7789
- Resolution: 240x240 pixels
System on Chip: Nordic Semiconductor nRF52832
Flash: 512KB with additional 4MB SPI NOR
RAM: 64KB
Bluetooth: 5.0 (including Bluetooth Low Energy)
Sensors: Accelerometer, Heart rate sensor
Feedback: Vibration motor
Battery: 170-180mAh LiPo
Driving the peripherals
Display
Note: The factory-default software on the PineTime does not auto-detect the display being disconnected when it has already booted. That can cause garbled output, to fix it just restart the PineTime.
The display is driven using the ST7789 display controller. Use the following pins to drive the screen:
| PineTime pin | ST7789 pin |
|---|---|
| LCD_SCK (P0.02) | SPI clock |
| LCD_SDI (P0.03) | SPI MOSI |
| LCD_RS (P0.18) | Clock/data pin (CD) |
| LCD_CS (P0.25) | Chip select |
| LCD_RESET (P0.26) | Display reset |
| LCD_BACKLIGHT_{LOW,MID,HIGH} | Backlight (active low) |
Notes:
- Chip select must be held low while driving the display. It must be high when using other SPI devices on the same bus (such as external flash storage) so that the display controller won't respond to the wrong commands.
- SPI must be used in mode 3. Mode 0 (the default) won't work.
- LCD_DISPLAY_* is used to enable the backlight. Set at least one to low to see anything on the screen.
- Use SPI at 8MHz (the fastest clock available on the nRF52832) because otherwise refreshing will be super slow.
References:
Battery measurement
Reading whether the PineTime has power attached is easy: simply read the charge indication pin (P0.12). When it is high it is running on battery, when it is low it is charging.
Reading the battery voltage is a bit harder. For that you can use the battery voltage pin on P0.31 (AIN7). The returned value is 12 bits, which means it is 0..4095. You can get the measured voltage with the following formula, assuming a reference voltage of 3.3V (this is configurable in the ADC):
adcVoltage = adcValue / (4095 / 3.3)
The measured voltage is actually half of the actual battery voltage, because the ADC is connected between a voltage divider where both resistors are 1MΩ. This can be corrected by multiplying the value:
batteryVoltage = adcValue * 2 / (4095 / 3.3)
It's often better to avoid floating point values on embedded systems and in this case there is no reason to use float at all, we can just represent the value in millivolts. Therefore the formula can be simplified to:
batteryVoltage = adcValue * 2000 / (4095 / 3.3) batteryVoltage = adcValue * 2000 / 1241
Converting this voltage to an estimated capacity in percent requires a more complicated algorithm, because Lithium-ion batteries have a non-linear discharge curve.
How to write battery friendly software?
The key to save battery is to enable only what you need when you need it. NRF52832 has a lot of functionalities allowing you to draw as little current as possible. Here are some tips and tricks:
- Disable / shutdown / put in sleep mode all devices around the MCU (display controller, touch controller, external memory,...).
- Disable all peripheral inside the MCU when you don't need them (SPI, TWI(I²C),...). The power management of the NRF52832 is very smart and will completely shut down (power off and disable the clock) the peripheral when the software disables it.
- Put the MCU to sleep as soon and as often as possible. If you are not using a RTOS, this is done by calling WFE (wait for event) instruction. Most of the time, RTOS implement this functionality. For example, FreeRTOS calls it the tickless mode : it puts the CPU in sleep mode when no task is planned for execution for more than a specified time, and wakes up as soon as an event is detected or when a task is ready to run.
- Do not use logging (JLink RTT, SWO, semihosting,...), it uses a lot of power.
- Ensure that the debug circuitry of the MCU is not enabled when you measuring the battery life. The debug peripheral is enabled as soon as you connect a debugger to the device, and is not automatically disabled, even if you disconnect the debugger you will have to wait for the battery to go flat to disable to port. The software running in the NRF52832 cannot disable the debug peripheral. How to disable the debug circuitry:
- using nrfjprog --reset - using JLinkExe : issue the command writeDP 1 0
or with OpenOCD - issue the command halt - issue the command flash fillw 0x10001208 0xFFFFFF00 0x01 - issue the command reset
you can check if the debug port is enabled using the following code DWT->CYCCNT ? "NO":"YES"
- Read the errata sheet of the MCU and apply workarounds if they apply to your software.
Button
The button on the side of the PineTime is disabled by default. To enable it, drive the button out pin (P0.15) high.
While enabled, the button in pin (P0.13) will be high when the button is pressed, and low when it is not pressed.
Touch panel
The touch panel is controlled by a Hynitron CST816S chips. Unfortunately, there is not much information about this chip on the internet apart from the datasheet below and a reference driver. This is enough to implement a basic driver, but crucial information needed to implement advanced functionalities are missing (I²C protocol and registers, timings, power modes,...).
Pins
- P0.10 : Reset
- P0.28 : Interrupt (signal to the CPU when a touch event is detected)
- P0.06 : I²C SDA
- P0.07 : I²C SCL
I²C
- Device address : 0x15
- Frequency : from 10Khz to 400Khz
NOTE : The controller go to sleep when no event is detected. In sleep mode, the controller does not communicate on the I²C bus (it appears disconnected). So, for the communication to work, you need to tap on the screen so that the chip wakes-up.
Touch events
Touch informations are available in the 63 first registers of the controller. Remember : the device is in sleep mode when no touch event is detected. It means that you can read the register only when the touch controller detected an event. You can use the Interrupt pin to detect such event in the software.
These 63 bytes contain up to 10 touch point (X, Y, event type, pressure,...) :
| Byte | Bit7 | Bit6 | Bit5 | Bit4 | Bit3 | Bit2 | Bit1 | Bit0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | ? | |||||||
| 1 | GestureID : (Gesture code ,
0x00: no gesture, 0x01: Slide down, 0x02: Slide up, 0x03: Slide left, 0x04: Slide right, 0x05: Single click, 0x0B: Double click, 0x0C: Long press) | |||||||
| 2 | ? | Number of touch points | ||||||
| 3 | Event (0 = Down, 1 = Up, 2 = Contact) | ? | X (MSB) coordinate | |||||
| 4 | X (LSB) coordinate | |||||||
| 5 | ? | Touch ID | Y (MSB) coordinate | |||||
| 6 | Y (LSB) coordinate | |||||||
| 7 | Pressure (?) | |||||||
| 8 | Miscellaneous (?) | |||||||
Bytes 3 to 8 are repeated 10 times (10*6 + 3 = 63 bytes).
NOTES
- The touch controller seems to report only 1 touch point
- Fields X, Y, Number of touch points and touch ID are updated. The others are always 0.
Registers
The reference driver specifies some registers and value, but there is no information about them:
| Register | Address | Description |
|---|---|---|
| HYN_REG_INT_CNT | 0x8F | |
| HYN_REG_FLOW_WORK_CNT | 0x91 | |
| HYN_REG_WORKMODE | 0x00 | 0 = WORK, 0x40 = FACTORY |
| HYN_REG_CHIP_ID | 0xA3 | |
| HYN_REG_CHIP_ID2 | 0x9F | |
| HYN_REG_POWER_MODE | 0xA5 | 0x03 = SLEEP (reset the touchpanel using the reset pin before using this register : pin_low, delay 5ms, pin_high, delay 50ms then write 3 to register 0xA5) |
| HYN_REG_FW_VER | 0xA6 | |
| HYN_REG_VENDOR_ID | 0xA8 | |
| HYN_REG_LCD_BUSY_NUM | 0xAB | |
| HYN_REG_FACE_DEC_MODE_EN | 0xB0 | |
| HYN_REG_GLOVE_MODE_EN | 0xC0 | |
| HYN_REG_COVER_MODE_EN | 0xC1 | |
| HYN_REG_CHARGER_MODE_EN | 0x8B | |
| HYN_REG_GESTURE_EN | 0xD0 | |
| HYN_REG_GESTURE_OUTPUT_ADDRESS | 0xD3 | |
| HYN_REG_ESD_SATURATE 0xED | 0xED |
WARNING : Writing the SLEEP command (write 0x05 in HYN_REG_POWER_MODE) seems to freeze the controller (it returns only static values) until the battery is totally drained and the whole system reset. Analysis and debugging is more than welcome!
Manuals
Articles and blog posts
Development efforts
Wishlist
In order to keep track of features and changes to the hardware people would like to see, check out this article: PineTime hardware wishlist
Compatibility with other projects
Different firmware running using different bootloaders and Bluetooth stacks on the nRF52832 have different requirements on how they should be initialised and what should be placed where in the internal flash.
To keep track of what, how and why things work like they do across the different projects, check out the PineTime SoftDevice and MCUBoot compatibility article.
Compatibility with companions apps
There are many firmwares running on Pinetime that implement different BLE APIs (time synchronization, notifications,...). Companion apps must be able to differentiate between different firmwares and forks of the same firmware. See Firmware versioning for companion apps.
Datasheets and Schematics
Schematics
Note: The part number for the SPI FLASH in the schematic diagram is not correct, the PineTime features a larger external FLASH device, see below.
Chip Datasheets
- NORDIC nRF52832 information:
- ARMv7-M information:
Component Datasheets
- PMU (Power Management Unit) information:
- SPI Flash information:
- XTX XT25F32B 32Mb(4MB) SPI NOR Flash (data sheets for this part are hard to find but it acts similar to other QuadSPI SPI NOR Flash such as Macronix 32Mb(4MB) SPI NOR Flash)
- IDs for XT25F32B are: manufacturer (0x0b), device (0x15), memory type (0x40), density (0x16)
- LCD Panel:
- Touchpad information:
- Sensor:
Community
- PineTime forum
- Matrix Channel (No login required to read)
- IRC Server: irc.pine64.org Channel: PineTime
- Telegram group
- Discord server invite link
PineTime equivalents and jailbreaking
This page contains a list of PineTime-like smartwatches that might be "jailbreakable" or a good source for ideas for the PineTime: PineTime Equivalents