PineTime

The PineTime

The PineTime is a free and open source smartwatch capable of running custom-built open operating systems. Some of the notable features include a heart rate monitor, a week-long battery, and a capacitive touch IPS display that is legible in direct sunlight. It is a fully community driven side-project which anyone can contribute to, allowing you to keep control of your device.

Frequently asked questions / Getting started

Read these first!

• Upgrading your new PineTime to InfiniTime 1.0.0
• Frequently Asked Questions about the PineTime
• Reprogramming the PineTime (development kit)
• Switching your PineTime between InfiniTime and Wasp-os

Default OS

The current default operating system on the PineTime is called InfiniTime, you can find more information about the firmware on its GitHub page. First devkits shipped with a proprietary custom firmware.

You can find a list of available firmware and other software here: PineTime Development

Companion Apps

PineTime/InfiniTime needs a companion app to e.g. upload a firmware, get notifications from a phone, or just get the date/time. Here are some companion apps:

• Gadgetbridge (Android >= 4.4) - Companion mobile app, supports updating firmware/bootloader, send notifications, etc.
• Amazfish (SailfishOS and Linux) - Companion mobile and desktop app, supports updating firmware/bootloader, send notifications, etc.
• Siglo (Linux) - Companion desktop app.
• PinetimeFlasher (Windows) - Companion desktop app, only supports flashing firmware.
• nRFConnect (iOS) - Only supports flashing firmware.
• Infini-iOS (iOS) - Companion mobile app in early development which will support updating firmware/bootloader, send notifications, etc.

Short overview / Specifications

Dimensions: 37.5 x 40 x 11mm
Weight: 38 grams
IP Rating: IP67 (waterproof to 1 meter (sealed edition!))
Display:

Size: 1.3 inches (33mm) diagonal

Type: IPS capacitive touchscreen, RGB 65K colors

Display Controller: ST7789

Resolution: 240x240 pixels

System on Chip: Nordic Semiconductor nRF52832
Flash: 512KB with additional 4MB SPI NOR
RAM: 64KB
Bluetooth: 5.0 (including Bluetooth Low Energy)
Sensors: Accelerometer, Heart rate sensor
Feedback: Vibration motor
Battery: 170-180mAh 3.8V LiPo

Community

Forum

• PineTime forum

Chat

• Matrix Channel (No login required to read)
• IRC Server: irc.pine64.org Channel: PineTime
• Telegram group
• Discord server invite link

Developers and coding

• Matrix Channel (No login required to read)
• Telegram group
• Discord server invite link

Development efforts

To read more about development on the PineTime, the projects available and more technical details, check out PineTime Development

Useful articles and blog posts

If you want to dive in to the ecosystem, here's a short list of various articles and blog posts that can help you set up your soft- or hardware development environment.

• Using the PineTime in production (January 2021)
• Sneak Peek of PineTime Smart Watch… And why it’s perfect for teaching IoT
• Building a Rust Driver for PineTime’s Touch Controller
• Porting (druid) Rust Widgets to PineTime Smart Watch
• Optimising PineTime’s Display Driver with Rust and Mynewt
• Getting Started with Zephyr RTOS on Nordic nRF52832 hackaBLE
• Removing the lock and installing another firmware on the nRF52832 using CMSIS-DAP dongle on Linux
• Build, program and debug NRF52 project with JLink, CMake and CLion
• Using CLion for Nordic nRF52 projects
• Flashing your PineTime using an ST-Link and OpenOCD
• Zephyrlabs: just a bunch of watchfaces made for the pinetime
• Creating a stopwatch in Pinetime (with Infinitime)

Hardware

Display

Note: The factory-default software on the PineTime does not auto-detect the display being disconnected when it has already booted. That can cause garbled output, to fix it just restart the PineTime.

The display is driven using the ST7789 display controller. Use the following pins to drive the screen:

PineTime pin	ST7789 pin
LCD_SCK (P0.02)	SPI clock
LCD_SDI (P0.03)	SPI MOSI
LCD_RS (P0.18)	Command/Data pin (CD)
LCD_CS (P0.25)	Chip select
LCD_RESET (P0.26)	Display reset
LCD_BACKLIGHT_{LOW,MID,HIGH}	Backlight (active low)

Notes:

• Chip select must be held low while driving the display. It must be high when using other SPI devices on the same bus (such as external flash storage) so that the display controller won't respond to the wrong commands.
• SPI must be used in mode 3. Mode 0 (the default) won't work.
• LCD_DISPLAY_* is used to enable the backlight. Set at least one to low to see anything on the screen.
• Use SPI at 8MHz (the fastest clock available on the nRF52832) because otherwise refreshing will be super slow.

References:

Adafruit ST7789 driver in cpp

Battery measurement

Reading whether the PineTime has power attached is easy: simply read the charge indication pin (P0.12). When it is high it is running on battery, when it is low it is charging.

Reading the battery voltage is a bit harder. For that you can use the battery voltage pin on P0.31 (AIN7). The returned value is 12 bits, which means it is 0..4095. You can get the measured voltage with the following formula, assuming a reference voltage of 3.3V (this is configurable in the ADC):

adcVoltage = adcValue / (4095 / 3.3)

The measured voltage is actually half of the actual battery voltage, because the ADC is connected between a voltage divider where both resistors are 1MΩ. This can be corrected by multiplying the value:

batteryVoltage = adcValue * 2 / (4095 / 3.3)

It's often better to avoid floating point values on embedded systems and in this case there is no reason to use float at all, we can just represent the value in millivolts. Therefore the formula can be simplified to:

batteryVoltage = adcValue * 2000 / (4095 / 3.3)
batteryVoltage = adcValue * 2000 / 1241

Converting this voltage to an estimated capacity in percent requires a more complicated algorithm, because Lithium-ion batteries have a non-linear discharge curve.

Button

The button on the side of the PineTime is disabled by default. To enable it, drive the button out pin (P0.15) high.

While enabled, the button in pin (P0.13) will be high when the button is pressed, and low when it is not pressed.

Touch panel

The touch panel is controlled by a Hynitron CST816S chips. Unfortunately, there is not much information about this chip on the internet apart from the datasheet below and a reference driver. This is enough to implement a basic driver, but crucial information needed to implement advanced functionalities are missing (I²C protocol and registers, timings, power modes,...).

Pins

• P0.10 : Reset
• P0.28 : Interrupt (signal to the CPU when a touch event is detected)
• P0.06 : I²C SDA
• P0.07 : I²C SCL

I²C

• Device address : 0x15
• Frequency : from 10Khz to 400Khz

NOTE: The controller go to sleep when no event is detected. In sleep mode, the controller does not communicate on the I²C bus (it appears disconnected). So, for the communication to work, you need to tap on the screen so that the chip wakes-up.

NOTE: The I²C bus, also known as TWI bus has known issues, make sure to write your TWI driver with timeouts.

Touch events

Touch information is available from the 63 first registers of the controller. Remember: the device is in sleep mode when no touch event is detected. It means that you can read the register only when the touch controller detected an event. You can use the Interrupt pin to detect such event in the software.

These 63 bytes contain up to 10 touch point (X, Y, event type, pressure,...) :

Byte	Bit7	Bit6	Bit5	Bit4	Bit3	Bit2	Bit1	Bit0
0	?
1	GestureID : (Gesture code , 0x00: no gesture, 0x01: Slide down, 0x02: Slide up, 0x03: Slide left, 0x04: Slide right, 0x05: Single click, 0x0B: Double click, 0x0C: Long press)
2	?				Number of touch points
3	Event (0 = Down, 1 = Up, 2 = Contact)		?		X (MSB) coordinate
4	X (LSB) coordinate
5	?		Touch ID		Y (MSB) coordinate
6	Y (LSB) coordinate
7	Pressure (?)
8	Miscellaneous (?)

Bytes 3 to 8 are repeated 10 times (10*6 + 3 = 63 bytes).

NOTES

• The touch controller seems to report only 1 touch point
• Fields X, Y, Number of touch points and touch ID are updated. The others are always 0.

Registers

The reference driver specifies some registers and value, but there is no information about them:

Register	Address	Description
HYN_REG_INT_CNT	0x8F
HYN_REG_FLOW_WORK_CNT	0x91
HYN_REG_WORKMODE	0x00	0 = WORK, 0x40 = FACTORY
HYN_REG_CHIP_ID	0xA3
HYN_REG_CHIP_ID2	0x9F
HYN_REG_POWER_MODE	0xA5	0x03 = SLEEP (reset the touchpanel using the reset pin before using this register : pin_low, delay 5ms, pin_high, delay 50ms then write 3 to register 0xA5)
HYN_REG_FW_VER	0xA6
HYN_REG_VENDOR_ID	0xA8
HYN_REG_LCD_BUSY_NUM	0xAB
HYN_REG_FACE_DEC_MODE_EN	0xB0
HYN_REG_GLOVE_MODE_EN	0xC0
HYN_REG_COVER_MODE_EN	0xC1
HYN_REG_CHARGER_MODE_EN	0x8B
HYN_REG_GESTURE_EN	0xD0
HYN_REG_GESTURE_OUTPUT_ADDRESS	0xD3
HYN_REG_ESD_SATURATE 0xED	0xED

WARNING : Writing the SLEEP command (write 0x05 in HYN_REG_POWER_MODE) seems to freeze the controller (it returns only static values) until the battery is totally drained and the whole system reset. Analysis and debugging is more than welcome!

Accelerometer

The on board accelerometer is Bosch BMA421, connected to the I2C bus.

Pins

• P0.06 : I²C SDA
• P0.07 : I²C SCL
• P0.08 : Interrupt

I2C Device address : 0x18

Datasheets and Schematics

Schematics

• PineTime Schematic ver1.0a
• PineTime GPIO Port Assignment ver1.0

Note: The part number for the SPI FLASH in the schematic diagram is not correct, the PineTime features a larger external FLASH device, see below.

Chip Datasheets

• NORDIC nRF52832 information:
  • nRF52832 Product Brief
  • nRF52832 Product Specification v1.4
• ARMv7-M information:
  • ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual

Component Datasheets

• PMU (Power Management Unit) information:
  • SGMicro SGM40561 Single Cell Charger Datasheet
  • SGMicro SGM2036 3.3V Low Power Low Dropout RF Linear Regulator Datasheet
• SPI Flash information:
  • XTX XT25F32B 32Mb(4MB) SPI NOR Flash (data sheets for this part are hard to find but it acts similar to other QuadSPI SPI NOR Flash such as Macronix 32Mb(4MB) SPI NOR Flash)
  • XTX XT25F32B
  • IDs for XT25F32B are: manufacturer (0x0b), device (0x15), memory type (0x40), density (0x16)
• LCD Panel:
  • 1.3" 240x240 IPS LCD Panel Specification for PineTime
  • 11.6" Sitronix LCD Driver/Controller Datasheet
• Touchpad information:
  • Touchpad Specification for PineTimel
  • 11.6" Hynitron CST816S Capacitive Touch Controller Datasheet in Chinese
  • Touch Controller Datasheet en
• Sensor:
  • BOSCH BMA421 Triaxial VAcceleration Sensor Product Brief
  • BOSCH BMA400 3-axes ultra-low power accelerometer datasheet
  • TianYiHeXin HRS3300 PPG Heart Rate Sensor Data Sheet

Community case design

• PineTime Smart Watch case by dara0s at thingiverse
• PineTime dev kit back fix by joaquimorg at thingiverse
• PineTime dev kit charging holder v4 by zevix81 at thingiverse